Exploring the Various Methods of Birth Control Essays

Birth control has become a controversial issue today in our society. The types of birth control that can be used vary, while the side effects may not be explained to women who use them. The types that can be used include emergency contraceptives, pills, rings, patches, and shots. Emergency contraceptives (ECPs), or plan B, are â€Å"hormones in the pill that act as an anabortifacient by thinning the lining of the uterus and preventing the newly-conceived child from implanting† (Warber 15). ECPs delay ovulation, therefore preventing any chance of pregnancy. In one study, two out of 100 women had an unplanned pregnancy although they took the pill at the correct time. ECPs are not effective if taken before intercourse (Hirsh â€Å"Emergency†¦show more content†¦Three out of fifty couples will have an accidental pregnancy while on the pill for a year; however, the effectiveness is determined by a woman’s health conditions and whether the pill is taken correct ly (2). Although the pill may prove to be one of the most used and effective types of birth control, it has more serious side effects. Women can develop breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver tumors, infertility, sterility, ovarian cysts, and sometimes abortions (Warber 4). Women between eighteen and thirty years old on the pill, who also exercise, may have a higher chance of losing bone density in the hip and spine. Studies have shown that women who switch to another pill or quit taking it, â€Å"report adverse sexual, emotional, and physical side effects as opposed to the women who continued with the same pill† (4). Minor side effects of the pill are nausea, breast tenderness, bleeding, higher blood pressure, and blood clots. Risks are usually higher in women over thirty-five (â€Å"Drug† 1). The pill works best when taken every day at the same time, yet if a day is skipped, a woman is not protected from pregnancy (Hirsh â€Å"Pill† 2). All pills must be prescribed by a doctor and usually the prescription lasts three months to see how it works. The pill ranges from twenty to fifty dollars per prescription, depending on the brand, and most insurances cover it(4). The pill has been accusedShow MoreRelatedA Good Ob Provider1478 Words   |  6 Pagesreflects strong opinions about practices associated with child birth and postpartum care that are held by many OB and NICU nurses and midwives. Not everyone believes an elective C-section is an unreasonable choice but the attitude toward the patients who make the choice can be somewhat negative. To me, it is about math: to put it briefly, a major abdominal surgery poses a higher risk, especially with multiple pregnancies, than a vaginal birth. The reason I decided to explore this particular subjectRead More Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico1734 Words   |  7 Pageselites mind as a model U.S. (not) colony in 1898* to its present status as semi-autonomous U.S. territory. Briggs opens her book by discussing the origins of globalization in U.S. and western European colonialism, and closes with a review of her methods, in which she calls for a new focus on subaltern studies, including a (re)focus on the authors of information (who she claims as the subjects of this book) as a lens through which to circumvent the neglect and obsessive interest†¦in the service ofRead MoreChild Development: Heredity and Environment1240 Words   |  5 Pagesgenes passed down from that individual adolescent’s biological parents? To answer this question one must first understand the difference between nature, nurture, environment, and heredity. Nurture, broken down further into environment, is defined as various external or environmental factors one is exposed to which can be more specifically broken down into social and physical aspects. Nature, itself broken down into heredity, is defined as the genetics and the individual characteristics in oneâ⠂¬â„¢s personalityRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder790 Words   |  3 Pagespaper will address the idea presented by Dr. Richard Saul in his book ADHD Does Not Exist that Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has become an easy diagnosis with an easy treatment, however ADHD is not the disorder, it is the symptom of various other physiological and psychological disorders that have been misdiagnosed. First, the paper will address the symptoms of ADHD and how they are treated. Second, the relationship between the symptoms of ADHD and the physiological and psychologicalRead MoreHow Language Can Be Defined As An Educational Environment? Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage may be defined as a verbal and/or visual method of communication with which information is disseminated, and meaning is constructed. Going beyond speech, language is a diverse system encompassing written word, symbols and signs. Whilst this diversity suggests there is no â€Å"proper English† the term â€Å"standard† language can be applied to the discourse that is most common in an educational environment. Australian schools have traditionally measured success in reading and writing against thisRead MoreEssay On Prenatal Exposures1049 Words   |  5 Pagesthese compounds have been categorized as human carcinogens or probable human carcinogens, e.g. titanium dioxide, and ethyl acrylate. Case Studies Method Several studies have been done to explore parental occupational paint exposure and risk of childhood leukemia in the offspring. Different studies have used different methods in exploring this phenomenon. One of the articles (HHS Public Access) has explored the underlying effects by using past data, which comprised twelve studies with ALL andRead MoreVaccination Intervention Speech Outline1696 Words   |  7 Pagespatriotic U.S citizens were watching this debate, for guidance on how the leader of our country will improve the countries’ unfavorable circumstances. However, his statement only demonstrated a growing fallacy that continues to haunt the wellbeing of various American communities. Significance: B. It is sick, disgraceful, and abusive to refuse, for your child, a vaccination which can grant them a future of livelihood, happiness and, guaranteed health. Many outbreaks of dangerous diseases such as measlesRead MoreThe Epidemiology Of An Infectious Disease1499 Words   |  6 PagesDuring this assignment, I will be exploring the epidemiology of an infectious disease found on the Public Health Agency of Canada website known as Pertussis. This particular disease is also known as Whooping Cough due to the sound made while inhaling during a coughing spell. The information contained in this report will be taken from the Public Health Agency of Canada’s website which can be found at http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca. SUMMARY ABOUT PERTUSSIS AGENT OF DISEASE Pertussis is caused by â€Å"bordetellaRead MoreChild abuse and maltreatment is not limited to a particular age and can occur in the infant, toddler, preschool, and school-age years1343 Words   |  6 Pagesage, the youngest age group, infants, are the most vulnerable and â€Å"are at greatest risk for severe injury and death from abuse† (CDC, 2010, p. 1). According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), â€Å"Victims in the age group of birth to 1 year had the highest rate of victimization† in 2011 (DHHS, 2012, p. 11). Their increased vulnerability is due to their small size, inability to defend themselves, and dependability on others for shelter and food. The most common forms of maltreatmentRead MoreOrganic Farming: Organic Food Benefits Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic value. Identifying organic foods can be a daunting task. First, it is necessary to understand what organic means. Organic is a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods. These methods integrate cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. Synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, and genetic engineering may not be used. (USDA

Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible System of Production

------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Other Free Encyclopedias  » Science Encyclopedia  » Science amp; Philosophy: Condensation to Cosh  » Consumerism - Consumerism And Mass Production, Consumerism And Post-fordism, Soap, The Politics Of Consumerism Consumerism - Consumerism And Post-fordism soap particular class world fordist consumption market mass Ads by Google Mr Power Giant Controller Saves 50% of your GEYSER costs! Pays for itself within months. www.mrpower.co.za Online Commodity Trading Technical Reports for Gold, Oil and More. Join Easy-Forex ® Now! www.Easy-Forex.com Estimation amp; Planning Agile Estimation and Planning 2-day in-depth course www.agileacademy.co.za†¦show more content†¦An important corollary of these developments is that as style becomes central in product differentiation, it is necessary for styles to change rapidly. What has been described as the essentially postmodern practice of pastiche is an outgrowth of these marketing and economic changes, in which capital recycles old styles in a desperate attempt to create products that seem new and improved. As the commodity becomes even more divorced from use-or exchange-value, it becomes a sign, able to be given a variety of possible and mutable meanings depending on the particular market segment. Price fluctuates not according to actual production costs but according to how much a particular consumer will pay. Cultural intermediaries, or those members of the professional-managerial class that work in cultural industries such as advertising or public relations, serve as cultural guides for the middle class, helping these consumers navigate the array of potential commodities available for consumption and offering their lifestyles as models of how to live successfully in this new world of constant consumption. Ads by Google Consumerism - Soap [next] [back] Consumerism - Consumerism And Mass Production Citing this material Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article. Content on this website is from high-quality, licensed material originally published in print form. You canShow MoreRelatedFordism1526 Words   |  7 PagesFordism, it refers to the mass production of standardized goods using assembly line technology, involving few skills and repetitive work by employees. ‘Each company was composed of many different specialized departments, each producing components and parts that were eventually channeled towards the moving line for final assembly.’(Cohen amp; Kennedy 2007: 95 ) For instance, in 1900, there were 18 million horses, but only 8,000 cars in America. For local people, car just was a bulky and expensiveRead MoreDifferences of Fordism and Post-Fordism1494 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss Differences Between Fordism and Post-Fordism Work In 1913, Henry Ford had an assembly line built in his Detroit plant where T-Ford cars were manufactured. This marked the beginning of a new era in production called Fordism. It was a pattern of industrial organisation and employment policy that occurred in the early twentieth century. Its high point was the period after the Second World War. This essay will be describing the main principles of Fordism, post-Fordism, their advantages and limitationsRead MoreThe Industrial Pioneer And Motor Industry Icon1353 Words   |  6 PagesFordism is a concept that is named after Henry Ford, a well-known industrial pioneer and motor industry icon. Fordism is based around the idea of industrialized and standardised form of mass production. It is related to the idea of mass consumption and is based on the idea that if it is made in a larger quantity then the price to produce these products can be reduced. This could then possibly provide an opportunity to gain a larger market. Understanding Fordism and the scientific management conceptRead MoreJapan s Demand For British Based Capital1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn the post-Fordist economy, there are few alternative strategies which would mean to rebuild industry in the concern for British-based capital. The first strategy is ‘The Japanisation Strategy’. â€Å"Japan has been the home base for the new production, together with West Germany, Northern Italy and parts of the Scandinavian economy.† (Murray, 1989) The exclusive achievement of Japanese production industry, regularly at the expenditure of Western manufacturers, has incited this increased interest. JapanRead MoreFordism (Sociology)1782 Words   |  8 PagesFordism is a system that arose during the last decades of the 19th Century through to the second decade of the 20th Century. Fordism was first recognized by the Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937). He was the writer of Americanism and Fordism. It was about Fordism representing a new form of capitalism which created a new economic structure which affected social life of the laborer on a large scale. Ford came up with a method of manufacturing inexpensive automobiles using the assemblyRead MoreHow Has the World of Work Changed in Post-Fordism Era3142 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Capitalism is a political, social and economic system subject to periodic instability, change and the like which influences the business world in many ways. The Post-Fordism era in broaden sense is generic description of Capitalism period which mainly is characterised by flexible production of non-standardized, better-quality goods embracing adaptability of production processes in harmony with the unpredictable nature of markets to meet customers’ satisfaction. The changes made in notionRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Taylorism and Fordism Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesTaylor. It is a production efficiency methodology that breaks works into small and simple segments which can be easily analysed and taught. Taylorism was first mentioned in 1920s and 20 years later. Henry Ford, who was the founder of the Ford Motor Company, used the scientific management in the form of assembly line production as a method on the T-model car production of his company. This kind of production me thod then was developed into a new efficient methodology which is called Fordism. In this essayRead MoreFordism: Spawning New Management Styles Essay2772 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction. In this essay the focus is on Henry Ford and Fordism. The first paragraph of the essay is an introduction of Fredrick W Taylor, and how Fordism is derived from the ideas of Taylorism. It also looks at the main ideas behind Fordism and scientific management. Further in the essay the importance is to look at the different ideas of Fordism (the mass-production, the $5 day, the division of labour and management style), and on why it was important at is time and the effect following fromRead MoreThe Shift from Fordism to Post-Fordism and Possible Future Routes for Capitalist Organization1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe Shift from Fordism to Post-Fordism and Possible Future Routes for Capitalist Organization Capitalism continues to be a revolutionary form of social organization. Modes of production, the ordering of daily activities, and the material practices and processes of social reproduction have undergone numerous changes since capitalism’s inception. Mapping a history of capitalism’s different stages and forms – both social and institutional – would be an arduous task, complicated by the factRead MoreHas Pos-Fordism Replaced Fordism in Capitalist Society1947 Words   |  8 Pagesof massive production. It is also the debut for Taylorism in the massive production area. After that such method of massive standard production was named as Foedism. Based on the ‘scientific management’ theory that comes from Taylorism, the manufacturing area began to be dominated by Fordism. However, since the 1960s when a series of new technologies appeared, manufacturing did not have to be formed in a fixed method. A more flexible production method, which was named as Post-Fordism turned up. From

Poverty And Its Effects On Children - 1377 Words

Poverty Poverty is a chronic issue not just within the United States but throughout the whole world, but one thing that people tend to overlook is the effect that poverty has on childhood. Many children grow up in poverty and the effects can last for a life time. For many of these kids who grow up in these conditions the effects include poor health, a high risk for teen pregnancy, and the lack of an education. Poor health is a direct of effect of poverty, children with families with no money or that live in a country that cannot provide the right kind of services do not have access to adequate medical treatment, â€Å"Psychological research has demonstrated that living in poverty has a wide range of negative effects on the physical and mental health and wellbeing of our nation’s children. Poverty impacts children within their various contexts at home, in school, and in their neighborhoods and communities†. If a child does not have the money it is impossible to get the necessary care that it needs, I witnessed this first hand: back when I lived in Africa I wasn’t much older than 3 or 4, I used to have a younger brother who got sick and it wasn’t even something very serious it was just a minor cold that could have been easily treated but thanks to lack of hospitals and the lack of money in our household the minor cold become very serious and I watched as my younge r brother slowly died in my mother’s arms. Furthermore, the APA (the American psychological association) found thatShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Poverty On Children1553 Words   |  7 PagesHow Poverty Effects Children Makayla Ray University of Alabama in Birmingham Abstract This literature review of twelve previously published research articles has focused on summarizing some of the effects of poverty on children. The selected articles all focused on the major effect of poverty on children, and were sorted into four sub-categories or themes based upon a specific focus areas of this complex and not yet fully understood issue. These themes included developmental, educationalRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Perez Mrs. Prince ENG 1113 16 November 2016 Poverty in America As of 2013 approximately 45 million people in America lived below the poverty line. In an average three-person household, an annual income of $20,090 is federally considered to be at poverty level. In the year of 2014, 44 percent of children under the age of 18 were living at or below the poverty level. Coming from a low economic standing can be detrimental for children’s physical and mental states. Pursuing a higher educationRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Children1554 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Poverty on Children Makayla Ray University of Alabama in Birmingham Abstract This literature review of twelve previously published research articles has focused on summarizing some of the effects of poverty on children. The selected articles all focused on the major effect of poverty on children, and were sorted into four sub-categories or themes based upon a specific focus areas of this complex and not yet fully understood issue. These themes included developmental, educationalRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children859 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty is existing worldwide epidemic and it is affecting millions of adults and children mentally, physically and emotionally .Poverty is the inability to purchase or have access to the basic human needs. This includes food, shelter, education, clean water and proper sanitation .It depends not only on income but also on access to services. In 1998 a UN Statement on poverty, signed by the heads of all UN agencies stated: defines poverty as â€Å"the denial of choices and opportunities, violation of humanRead MorePo verty And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty doesn’t have preferences, it doesn’t choose people by race, religion, or age. Many people don’t see the effects poverty has on people or sometimes they don’t care but you should. What if you were put in the situation where you lost everything and weren’t able to recover. Now imagine this is your child. Many people put a generic face upon poverty. Usually they see the poor African American person, or the old man who looks dirty, or even the woman who is selling her body just to buy a biteRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children2452 Words   |  10 Pagespeople living in poverty out of the 316.5 million inhabitants of the United States of America. That means about 14.5% of people live below the poverty line, which is an extremely large amount for such a lucrative world dominating country. Poverty is a very serious issue in the United States and has devastating effects, yet it con tinues to effect massive amounts of people. It is essential that Americans make the necessary changes to combat poverty because those living in poverty often experience aRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children1771 Words   |  8 Pages What is poverty? For people who do not know what poverty is, the Merriam- Webster dictionary defines it as â€Å"the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions† (Poverty). To make it even easier it is basically the state of being extremely poor. Poverty is a huge global issue and it can affect anyone. Whether the person is young or old, male or female. Poverty does not discriminate against people, which is why people should not sit back and ignoreRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children945 Words   |  4 PagesPOVERTY MALNOURISHMENT Childhood and adolescence are expected to be the times of great functioning and physical health, yet poverty provokes this from occurring and children face poor health. Children living in poverty are at immense risk for their development, health and overall well-being. According to Komro, 2011, the absolute rate of poverty among children is higher in the United States than in other industrialized nations. Nationally, One in five children are living in poverty (Raphel,Read MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children942 Words   |  4 Pagesand physical health, yet poverty provokes this from occurring and children face poor health. Children living in poverty are at immense risk for their development, health and overall well-being. According to Komro, 2011, the absolute rate of poverty among children is higher in the United States than in other industrialized nations. Nationally, One in five children are living in poverty (Raphel, 2014). Malnourishment is one of the numerous outcomes fr om poverty; children are suffering each day inRead MoreThe Effects of Poverty on Children Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages When analyzing children growing up in poverty a lot of factors come into play such as their physical, psychological and emotional development. To grow up in poverty can have long term effect on a child. What should be emphasized in analyzing the effects of poverty on children is how it has caused many children around the world to suffer from physical disorders, malnutrition, and even diminishes their capacities to function in society. Poverty has played a major role in the functioning of families

Comparative Competition

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Competition. Answer: 1. Under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union(TFEU) a different approach has been provided within the Sherman Act in its proscriptions against anticompetitive behavior. Part 1 of Article 101 is considered to be quite similar to the Sherman Act in the sole context that it aims at prohibiting agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition. The subsections (a-e) which have been included under this article have expressly mentioned examples of five different behaviourial traits which explicitly fall within Art. 101(1)[1] These include - market allocation, output controls, price fixing, applying dissimilar conditions to similar transactions and tying. Competition encourages the business establishments to provide their products and services at the price point which i s most favorable for the customers. This helps in reducing the final market price of the products and services and thus promotes efficiency and productivity within an organisation. In order to operate effectively under a competitive business environment, it is imperative for an organisation to act independently of one another by absorbing the competitive pressures which is being exerted by the other market rivals Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union comprises a very important feature of the European Antitrust policy. It helps in preventing an illegal business arrangement between two market competitors which restricts competition in the market. The provisions made under Article 101 of TFEU include both the horizontal agreements (which have taken place between actual business competitors who are operating their business at the same level of the supply chain) and vertical agreements (where the business establishments operate at different levels such as the business deal between a manufacturer and the raw material suppliers).[2] This plays a very essential role in preventing price fixing or market sharing between two independent business establishments which is one of the most widely evident examples of illegal business conduct which infringes Article 101 Amid the crisis in Ukraine, the relations between the US and Europe seems to be strengthening whereas the relations between Russia and US seems to be at the lowest point since the cold war. Russia being one of the largest producers and exporters of oil in the world has completely stopped exporting oil to the US. This has had a very dramatic effective in the prices of crude oil which is witnessing a steady increase. This increase in the crude oil prices has had a negative impact on the business operations of the global aviation companies which has been forced to buy the crude at increased prices and thus they are struggling with increasing cost of business operations[3] Under this circumstance, a meeting of the International Airline Association (IAA) took place which consisted of all the major airline companies of the world such as British Airways, Emirates, United Airlines, Qantas, Air France, Lufthansa, etc. In the meeting, the representatives of the airline companies were discussin g the issue of the recent increase in the prices of crude oil and its impact on their global operations The representatives tried to address this problem by finding out an effective solution to the problem which would have enabled them to operate their business in a profitable manner by reducing the burden of increased oil prices on the respective aviation companies. The representatives of Qantas and British Airways refrained from participating in the discussion and thus they have violated Article 101 of TFEU. All the representatives from the different aviation companies clearly discussed their future roadmap or the path which will be taken by them in order to absorb the increasing prices of crude oil around the globe [4] Both Qantas and British Airways remained discreet till the end of the meeting and they have not divulged any details regarding the business strategy which they would be undertaking in order to tackle the rising operational cost of their business. The representative from the other airline companies have undertaken a transparent approach to the matter and discussed the strategies which would be implemented by them in order to tackle the rising crude oil prices which showcases their ethical business policies.[5] The behaviour shown by the British Airways and Qantas infringes upon Article 101 of TFEU and thus it is tantamount to an illegal business conduct which can significantly impact the business of the other airline companies which have participated in the meeting. By withholding information regarding their business strategies to tackle the increasing oil prices, both Qantas and British Airways have violated Article 101 TFEU as both these companies could have been involved in a marke t sharing or price fixing agreement (horizontal agreement) which could threaten the business operations of the other airline companies which have participated in the meeting 2. Looking at the scenario presented before me, I can clearly see that Tropicana (which is owned by Pepsico Group) is presently enjoying the lions share of the market at 42% and it is being closely followed by Minute Maid (owned by the Coca-Cola group) which has a market share of 29%. The other players in the market are much smaller in size as compared to both Tropicana and Minute Maid and they are nowhere near to the market shared which is being enjoyed by these two brands. This is the main reason why the fruit juice market is highly segmented as there are no major players apart from Tropicana and Minute Maid.[6] The fruit juice industry is a capital intensive industry which requires huge investment during the initial phase. Apart from the cost of setting up the manufacturing facility for fruit juices, a lot of capital has to be spent on the marketing and promotional campaigns in each and every targeted country and this is the main reason why the commercial fruit juice industry does not have too many market competitors However, with the entry of Nestl in the commercial fruit juice market, the overall picture is slated to undergo a sea change as the dimensions of the industry will not be the same any more. Nestl has the capacity and the financial might to give a tough competition to both Tropicana and Minute Maid as the company is a major global conglomerate in the food products industry and it has the financial might to pose a threat to the business of Tropicana and Minute Maid which till now on has been focused on the premium segment of the market. Nestl intends to bring a cheaper variant of their fruit juice in the market which they intend to market bas an entry level product. This will help the company to target the regular budget segment of the market and this will help Nestl to generate more sales which will eventually help Nestl to generate more profits and revenues from the market [7] Tropicana is presently selling their brand of fruit juice at 3 per liter to the consumers and whereas Nestl intends to sell their fruit juice at 1.3 per liter to their consumers in the market. This will really provide a competitive advantage to Nestl and they will be able to considerably eat up the revenues and profits which are being generated by Tropicana at present. Thus, there is an urgent need for Tropicana to undertake an effective commercial plan which will enable the company to address the growing threat of Nestl.[8] In order to tackle the increasing competition from Nestl Tropicana has decided to commercialize some of their products under a new brand name which will be sold to the customers at entry level prices. The sales team at Tropicana has considered two possible strategies in order to tackle the competition from Nestl. The sales team intends to keep the same pricing that is being offered by Nestl (at 1.3 per liter) or they can even sweeten the deal for their customers by lowering the price further (at 1.1 per liter) than what has been offered by Nestl Being the general counsel for Tropicana, it is my personal opinion that Tropicana should incorporate the predatory pricing approach which will enable it to eat up the market of Nestl. Tropicana should strive to provide their products at a lower price point (at 1.1 per liter) that is being present provided by Nestl. Tropicana can utilise economies of scale which will enable them to increase their daily production levels and at the same time help in bringing down the per item manufacturing cost of their products.[9] Thus, Tropicana will be able to ensure sufficient profits from their business operations even after reducing the market price of their products. This will help Tropicana to attract the regular budget segment customers from the market and they will be able to further increase their consumer base in the market The predatory pricing strategy is as business strategy which is often utilised by the business establishments in order to drive out their competitors from the market. In this strategy, an organisation keep the pricing of their goods and services at such low levels that they hardly make any profit in the market.[10] The other business firms are unable to provide their products and services to their customers at such lower price point and as a result they are forced to shut down their business and leave the market. The predatory pricing strategy will provide a competitive advantage to Tropicana over Nestl and they will be able to retain their overall market share in the commercial fruit juice industry My analysis will still remain the same if the management of Tropicana tells me that they have no intention of maintaining such low entry level prices for their products. If the management is just waiting for the time when Nestl will be forced to shut down their business operations in the market, then also I would recommend that Tropicana utilise the same predatory pricing approach. If Tropicana is successful in their efforts to drive out Nestl from the market then they can increase the prices of their entry level products in the market and the customers will be compelled to buy that product at the offered price as there will be no other available substitute products in the market.[11] Thus, the customer will be unable to switch their preference to another brand. This will help Tropicana to monopolise the entry level budget segment of the commercial fruit juice market and thus Tropicana will be able to maximize their profits and revenues from their business operations in the market 3. The EU Competition Law plays a vital role in promoting healthy competition between the business establishments which are operating within the European Union. It regulates and monitors the unfair trading practices and anti-competitive conduct of the business establishments which helps to ensure that cartels and monopolies are not created by the business establishments that would threaten and compromise the overall interests of the society. The EU competition law has its history which dates back to the prohibitions on therestraint of trade and it is inspired by the Sherman Act of 1890 and Clayton Act of 1914 which are in use in the US. The EU [12] Competition law has been primarily derived from articles 101 to 109 of theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union (which regulates the activities of the business establishments that are operating within the European Union) apart from other directives and regulations There are essentially four main policy areas which the EU Competition Law seeks to address and they are given below: Preventing market dominance and ensuring that business establishments which are enjoying dominant position in the market do not abuse their power under article 102 of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union(TFEU). Preventing the rise of business cartels and other anti-competitive practices under article 101 of TFEU[13] Ensuring a proper control on the proposed mergers and acquisitions which occurs between the business establishments which are generating a significant amount of business turnover within the EU as per Merger Regulation. Controlling the amount of aid (both direct as well as indirect) given by the members nations of EU to the business enterprises under article 107 of TFEU In the scenario presented before us, we can clearly see both Gaz de Belgique (GB) and Gazolux (GL) are operating their business within their respective countries which are Belgium and Luxembourg. Both GB and GL provide natural gas to both consumers as well as private business establishments. After the Gas market in Belgium has be opened up to competition, the market share of GB in Belgium has slightly reduced due to the emergence of France Gas (FG) and Gas of UK (GUK).On the other hand, GL is operating under a monopolized market structure in Luxembourg and thus it enjoys a 100% market share in that country. However, the scenario is going to change in 2020 when the gas market in Luxembourg will be opened up to competition as per the recent EU directive and thus GL is going to lose their legal monopoly in the gar market of Luxembourg Presently, both GB and GL import the gas they sell in their respective markets as there are no gas fields in both Belgium and Luxembourg. In order to sust ain the increasing demands for Gas both GB and GL have started negotiating with Gas Norway (GN) which is a Norwegian gas producer and both the companies have entered into agreement with GN.[14] Transporting gas from Norway essentially requires the construction of a huge gas pipeline which will require huge funding from both the countries. In order to reduce the overall cost of building the pipeline both GB and GL have decided to take advantage of the proximity of their respective markets and collaborate in the construction of the pipeline by sharing the costs The draft contract for the agreement between GL and GB includes the clauses that GB will route the gas which it purchases from GN to Belgium and resale it in the Belgium market; whereas GB will route the gas it purchases from GN to Luxembourg and the gas will be resold in Luxembourg. After analyzing the draft that has been formulated for the proposed agreement, I can say that there are certain aspects which have been overlooked in the final draft and this could have severe consequences for both the nations in the near future. First of all, the agreement has missed the most important criteria that both GL and GB must never try to disrupt the gas flow through the pipeline under any circumstances. The amount of gas that is to be bought from GN has not been mentioned in the final draft agreement which is going to be finalized between the two countries. [15]The gas bought from GN should be shared according the proportion agreed by both GB and GL. Both GB and GL should give a written assurance that they should never interfere with each others business interests in the market Moreover, both GB and GL should never incorporate unfair trade practices in order to influence the gas prices in both the markets. All these vital clauses need to be included in the final draft con tract which is going to be finalized and signed in by both GB and GL and this will help in protecting the business interests of both the companies. This will help in creating a formal agreement which will be legally binding on both the parties and this will help in resolving any kind of future disputes that might arise between GB and GL. Under the EU Competition Law it is mandatory for both GB and GL to ensure an independent auditing of the cost incurred in the construction of the pipeline. Both the companies (GB and GL) must maintain a level of transparency in their business and this will enable them to succeed in their long term business endeavors [16] 4. Looking at the scenario presented before me, it is clearly evident that ABC is the leading producer of landline phone in Europe with a market share of about 40%. ABC used to enjoy a monopoly in the market in their heydays but this has considerably reduced now. In order to maintain their share in the market, ABC has been forced to diversify their business apart from manufacturing the office communication devices like phones, scanning and copying machines. There are quite a few operators which have entered the market but none is able to replicate the success and popularity which is enjoyed by ABC. The nearest rival of ABC enjoys a market share of 25%. In case of printing and scanning machines ABC enjoys a market share of 50%. According to me, ABC is in a good position to implement their first sales policy wherein the company will offer a discount of 10% on each and every telephone or scanning or copying machines which are being bought from them by their customers in the market[17] T his would not in any way affect their compliance with the EU Competition Laws as providing discounts to the customers is considered to be legal and business establishments operating in Europe are allowed to offer discounts to their customers. I strongly feel that ABC is in a good position to capitalise on their existing market share and allowing an additional 10% discount on their products and services would enable the company to attract more customers from the market. The fact that they are way ahead of their business rivals in terms of the market share, the organisation could reduce the market prices of their products in order to popularise and promote their products among a larger customer segment in the market.[18] This will enable the organisation to further increase their customer base in the market and thus they will be able to generate more revenues and profits from their business operations in the market. Thus, by offering 10% discounts on their products and services, ABC w ill be able to further strengthen their market share by gaining a competitive advantage over their business rivals In case of the second sales strategy where ABC intends to sell their products at below production cost, I would say that it is quite a risky proposition for the organisation. There is a lot of confusion among ABC regarding how long they will be able to continue selling their products below the production cost. If ABC intends to sell their products at the same price level which is being offered by DEF, then they are allowed to do so under the EU competition laws.[19] Under the EU Competition Laws, business establishments are not allowed to incorporate unfair trading practices that might interfere or threaten the business interests of their rivals. By selling their products at below production cost, the company is compromising their own business in order to avoid losing customers to DEF. However, if ABC goes ahead with their plans to sell their products at below productio n cost, then the company needs to first calculate how long they will be able to sustain the losses in the market.[20] This policy could not be continued indefinitely as it will force the company towards bankruptcy. The company needs to fix a specific time period for which this strategy will be implemented and they should try to attract maximum customers from the market within that time period. This is the only way ahead for the company, if they decide to implement the second sales strategy In case of the third sales policy of ABC where the company wants to set a high amount of royalty rate on their patent which will force their competitors to opt out of a license agreement, I would say it is a well thought out strategy which will help in ensuring competitive advantage to ABC. The fact that ABC owns the patents on their technology which are being utilised in their scanning and copying machines, they have the right to set any amount of royalty which they find appropriate. By setting a high royalty rate for the licensing of their technology will not in any way affect or compromise their compliance with the EU Competition Laws as the technology is developed and owned by them. The fact that the technology has been developed by them and that they own the patents to that technology, the other companies have to pay the same price that has been demanded by ABC if they want to utilise the same technology in their products and services[21] In this case, ABC is setting this high r oyalty rate because it does not want the other companies to utilise their technology which is absolutely fine as this is an ethical policy which could not be challenged in a court of law Reference Ball, Donald, Michael Geringer, Michael Minor, and Jeanne McNett. International business. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012. Berryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Stlzle, Thomas R., Robert E. Hoyt, and Sabine Wende. "Capital market development, competition, property rights, and the value of insurer productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ line diversification: A crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ country analysis." Journal of Risk and Insurance 80, no. 2 (2013): 423-459. Bottazzi, Giulio, Giovanni Dosi, Nadia Jacoby, Angelo Secchi, and Federico Tamagni. "Corporate performances and market selection: some comparative evidence." Industrial and Corporate Change (2010): dtq063. Burt, R. S. (2009). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard university press. Chan, Hing Kai, and Felix TS Chan. "Comparative study of adaptability and flexibility in distributed manufacturing supply chains." Decision Support Systems 48, no. 2 (2010): 331-341. Choong, Chee-Keong, Ahmad Zubaidi Baharumshah, Zulkornain Yusop, and Muzafar Shah Habibullah. "Private capital flows, stock market and economic growth in developed and developing countries: A comparative analysis." Japan and the World Economy 22, no. 2 (2010): 107-117. Coyle, John F. "Business Courts and Interstate Competition." William Mary Law Review 53 (2012): 1915. Damanpour, Fariborz. "An integration of research findings of effects of firm size and market competition on product and process innovations." British Journal of Management 21, no. 4 (2010): 996-1010. David, H., David Dorn, and Gordon H. Hanson. "The China syndrome: Local labor market effects of import competition in the United States." The American Economic Review 103, no. 6 (2013): 2121-2168. Fernndezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kranz, Daniel, and Juan Santal. "When necessity becomes a virtue: The effect of product market competition on corporate social responsibility." Journal of Economics Management Strategy 19, no. 2 (2010): 453-487. Gal, Michal S. Competition policy for small market economies. Harvard University Press, 2009. Gershon, Richard A. The transnational media corporation: Global messages and free market competition. Routledge, 2013. Hartley, Jean, Eva Srensen, and Jacob Torfing. "Collaborative innovation: A viable alternative to market competition and organizational entrepreneurship." Public Administration Review 73, no. 6 (2013): 821-830. Hasan, Maher Mohamad, and Jemma Dridi. "The effects of the global crisis on Islamic and conventional banks: A comparative study." IMF Working Papers (2010): 1-46. i Queralt, Germ Bel, and Xavier Fageda. "Factors explaining charges in European airports: Competition, market size, private ownership and regulation." Documentos de trabajo (FEDEA) 31 (2009): 1-26. Kumar, Vikas, Eli Jones, Rajkumar Venkatesan, and Robert P. Leone. "Is market orientation a source of sustainable competitive advantage or simply the cost of competing?." Journal of marketing 75, no. 1 (2011): 16-30. Leung, Hildie, and Wing-Tung Au. "Chinese cooperation and competition." (2010). Louzis, Dimitrios P., Angelos T. Vouldis, and Vasilios L. Metaxas. "Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios." Journal of Banking Finance 36, no. 4 (2012): 1012-1027. Mayer, Thierry, Marc J. Melitz, and Gianmarco IP Ottaviano. "Market size, competition, and the product mix of exporters." The American Economic Review 104, no. 2 (2014): 495-536. Patiar, Anoop, and Lokman Mia. "Transformational leadership style, market competition and departmental performance: Evidence from luxury hotels in Australia." International Journal of Hospitality Management 28, no. 2 (2009): 254-262. Ucbasaran, Deniz, Paul Westhead, Mike Wright, and Manuel Flores. "The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism." Journal of Business Venturing 25, no. 6 (2010): 541-555. Wilks, Stephen. "Competition policy." (2010).

Philosophy Management

Question: Write an essay on Philosophy? Answer: Introduction: For this report, the chosen type is traditional position paper. A position paper should be very well written. The type of traditional position paper contains logical argument about the chosen topic. However, for this purpose, the chosen topic is the concept of Aristotle and Aquinas' version of the God. This is related to the cosmological argument of the existence of God. The argument for the existence of God refers to the aspect of the cosmological argument. Concept of Aristotle: As discussed by (de Castro, Eduardo Viveiros), Aristotle always has tried to explain the existence of God on the earth. He has argued for the existence of the earth also. Aristotle has ruled out an infinite progression of causes. Therefore, there should be a first cause for this occurrence. This argument of eminent Greek philosopher Aristotle has given the support to the modern theory and science of the universe. This argument has led to the concept of BigBang theory of the birth of the earth as well as the existence of the people on this earth. On the Heavens' is considered as one of the most influential concepts of cosmology within the history of humanity of all ages. Aristotle has discussed the universal nature of the cosmos. He has also discussed some properties of individual bodies. Aristotle has argued that all bodies are made up of four elements; those are earth, water, fire and air. Arguments of Thomas Aquinas: As discussed by (Craig, William Lane, and James Porter Moreland), Thomas Aquinas has offered similar arguments while using concepts of first mover, the sustainer, first cause, source of harmony and cause of excellence. This philosopher has five proofs regarding the existence of God. The fist argument of this person is included within the aspect of observation. According to this philosopher, the basic idea of everything has a major cause. His First way' has several arguments, as several things change. On the other hand, Aquinas has separate arguments regarding the changes. The cosmological argument of this priest is based on the existence of universe and cosmos. Every existence of cosmos has the single cause. However, the cause refers to the infinite God. This ancient priest of Italy has made his arguments on the existence of human being on this earth. On the other hand (Cross, Philip Irwin) stated that the experiential basis of the cosmological argument is considered as the perception of the prior existence of the Universe. Every human being can perceive the experiment through the senses. This ancient priest has made its principle concepts upon the aspect of God and his power. According to this theorist, the God has created everything. God is the ultimate Creator of every human being as well as every living and non-living things on this earth. Argument of legendary Stephen Hawkins: However, Stephen Hawkins has made his contribution to the aspect of this particular cosmic argument on Earth and God. His book A Brief History of Time' has provided some cosmic argument about the existence of God and planet earth. This book is an important example of a cosmological argument of Stephen Hawkins (Blair, Matthew). In his quantum cosmology, Stephen Hawkins has argued that there is no place for a creator or God. This path-breaking scientists also argues that God does not exist in the physical or other world. According to the law of wave function, there is no any place for creator or god. Therefore, the concept of classical theism has become false in respect to the new concept of Stephen Hawkins (Loikkanen, Juuso). Argument from Contingency: Philosopher Samuel Clarke has set the second version of the argument of cosmology. This argument has been considered as a superior version of this cosmological argument. This argument can be called as the argument from contingency. Several philosophers within this field have considered the argument from contingency as superior thinking of cosmology. This argument has considered that human being should be necessary or contingent within this earth. There is a concept of self-existence also. This argument not only states about the God but also states about the existence of human being within the living earth (Romero, Gustavo E., and Daniela Prez). Conclusion: There are several arguments and counter arguments regarding the existence of God. The cosmological argument refers to the argument about God and the existence of the human being within this earth. Several theorists and philosophers have made their argument on the existence of earth, God and human being within the living earth. Several arguments have made clear conceptual framework upon this topic. Reference list: Blair, Matthew.Points and Spheres: Cosmological Innovation in Dante's Divine Comedy. Diss. 2015. Craig, William Lane, and James Porter Moreland.The Blackwell companion to natural theology. Vol. 49. John Wiley Sons, 2012. Cross, Philip Irwin.First causes and sufficient reasons: A defense of the cosmological argument. California State University, Long Beach, 2014 de Castro, Eduardo Viveiros. "Cosmological perspectivism in Amazonia and elsewhere."HAU: Masterclass Series1 (2012): 45-168. Loikkanen, Juuso. "ON THE ESSENCE OF THE UNCAUSED CAUSE MISUNDERSTANDINGS OF THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT."European Journal of Science and Theology11.3 (2015): 61-69. Romero, Gustavo E., and Daniela Prez. "New remarks on the Cosmological Argument."International Journal for Philosophy of Religion72.2 (2012): 103-113.